The Development of Industrial Management

The main development of industrial management is classified into three types. Here I am explaining those developments:

• Studies of Worker Performance: the first effort in the direction of improved efficiency was made by Frederick Winslow Taylor; he was an assistant foreman in the Midvale Steel Company in 1880. He was studied to determine whether workers used unnecessary motions and hence too much time in performing operations at a machine. Records were kept of the performance of workers and standards were adopted for each operation. The early studies resulted in a faster pace of work and the introduction of rest periods.
• Management of the Machine: Industrial management is studying the performance of machines as well as people. They find the specialist employees will keep machines in good working condition and to ensure the quality of their production. The flow of materials through the plant is supervised to ensure that neither workers nor machines are idle. Constant inspection is made to keep output up to standard.
  
• Other Aspects of Management: then the principles of scientific management have been gradually extended to every department of industry, including office work, financing, and marketing and established the personal departments in 1910. Many such improvements were made at the insistence of employee groups, especially labor unions. Over the years, workers and their unions also sought and often won higher wages and increased benefits, including group health and life insurance and liberal retirement pensions.

Characteristics Parental alienation syndrome

Presently in US the majority of the children’s are suffering from Parental alienation syndrome. Let me explain the characteristics of parental alienation syndrome. 

Characteristics: It can occur if a parent criticizes the other parent or stepparent directly to a child or in front of the children. It will most probably occur through divorce, custody hearings, upon remarriage of a parent, or most commonly during primary contact with the children. The effect is to make a disturbance in the child’s relationship with the other parent. Gardner proposed that children have been taught by an alienating parent to hate the targeted parent, to the point of wanting to do away with the targeted parent from their lives. He considered this psychological abuse and a form of psychological mistreatment that has clear-cut clearly identifiable signs and symptoms, and therefore be easily diagnosed. One of the famous doctors Alan Kemp described the categories that make up PAS: Rejecting, terrorizing, corrupting, denying necessary stimulation, emotional responsiveness or availability, unreliable and inconsistent parenting, mental health, medical or educational neglect, degrading/devaluating the other parent, isolating, and exploiting the child. By intentionally alienating the victims from other family members and social supports, isolation occurs. The alienator then uses pressure or denigrating tactics to force victims to comply with their requests. Essentially, in PAS, the children are used to destroy the targeted parent as a means of revenge and domestic violence. The alienating parent refuses to obey even court orders and tell the children they do not have to stand by them either thus prompting them to disregard the authority of the targeted parent. The primary goal of alienating parent is the targeted parent by using the children as weapons or pawns.

Present Situation of Hydroelectric Power

The electric power industry got off to a rough start in the twenty-first century, with the dark cloud of distrust hanging over the sector after California experienced severe power shortages and outages during 2000 and 2001 and Houston-based Enron was raked over the coals for fraudulent accounting practices. Distribution sales began to fall in the second quarter of 2001, by 3 percent, and continued to fall every quarter through 2002. Total sales during 2001 for the 250 largest distributors of electrical power fell by 8.4 percent to an estimated $36.9 billion and profits reported in 2002 decreased approximately 3 percent from 2001. Although the industry was forecasted to move toward recovery during the second half of 2003, the transition toward positive growth was expected to be slow. The patchwork efforts at deregulation added further to the industry's instability. When the industry deregulated, too many power plants were built too fast, causing a surge in the margin between supply and demand. Supply was at its highest since 1992, but in 2001 demand was at its lowest since 1987. As a result of lack of investor funding, continued construction of power plants has been scaled back. Only one out of every seven proposed new plants that has received government approval is actually under construction. Nonetheless, the supply-demand margin is expected to double by 2004. A rebound in the economy, a return of cold weather, and new standardized federal regulation are expected to help stabilize the industry in the upcoming years.